Spear phishing is an email spoofing attack targeting a specific organization or individual. Spear phishing emails aim to infect the victim with malware or trick them into revealing sensitive data and sensitive information. Spear phishers look for target who could result in financial gain or exposure of trade secrets for corporate espionage, personally identifiable information (PII) for identity theft and protected health information (PHI) for insurance fraud.
Data security is the process of protecting sensitive data from unauthorized access and corruption throughout its lifecycle. Data security employs a range of techniques and technologies including data encryption, tokenization, two-factor authentication, key management, access control, physical security, logical controls and organizational standards to limit unauthorized access and maintain data privacy.
Protected health information (PHI) is any information about health status, provision of health care or payment for health care that is created or collected by a covered entity, or their business associate, and can be linked to a specific individual. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) requires covered entities to implement safeguards to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of PHI.
A third-party vendor is any entity that your organization does business with. This includes suppliers, manufacturers, service providers, business partners, affiliates, brokers, distributors, resellers and agents. Vendors can be upstream (suppliers and vendors) and downstream (distributors and resellers), as well as non-contractual entities.
In cybersecurity, an attack vector is a path or means by which an attacker can gain unauthorized access to a computer or network to deliver a payload or malicious outcome. Attack vectors allow attackers to exploit system vulnerabilities, install different types of malware and launch cyber attacks. Attack vectors can also be exploited to gain access to sensitive data, personally identifiable information (PII) and other sensitive information that would result in a data breach.
Malware, or malicious software, is any program or file that is harmful to a computer user. Types of malware include computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, adware and ransomware. Generally, software is considered malware based on the intent of its creator rather than its actual features.
Biometrics is the technical term for body measurements and calculations, and human characteristics. Biometric authentication if a form of identification and access control. As biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are seen as more reliable for verifying one's identity than traditional token-based identification systems such as a passport, as well as knowledge-based identification systems such as a password.
Cyber risk is defined as exposure to harm or loss resulting from data breaches or cyber attacks on information systems, information technology and information security. However, this definition must be broadened. A better, more encompassing definition is the risk of financial loss, disruption or reputational damage due to the failure of an organization's cybersecurity strategy.
Corporate espionage is espionage conducted for commercial or financial purposes. Corporate espionage is also known as industrial espionage, economic espionage or corporate spying. That said, economic espionage is orchestrated by governments and is international in scope, while industrial or corporate espionage generally occurs between organizations.
Operations security (OPSEC) is a process that identifies friendly actions that could be useful for a potential attacker if properly analyzed and grouped with other data to reveal critical information or sensitive data. OPSEC uses countermeasures to reduce or eliminate adversary exploitation.
